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Any electrical product, including motor products of course, has specified its rated voltage for normal operation, and any voltage deviation will cause adverse consequences for the normal operation of electrical appliances.
For relatively high-end equipment, the necessary protection devices are adopted. When the power supply voltage is abnormal, the power supply is cut off for protection. For very precise instruments, the constant-voltage power supply is used for adjustment. However, the possibility of motor products, especially industrial motor products, using constant-voltage devices is extremely small, and there are more cases of power-off protection.
For single-phase motors, there are only two situations: high voltage and low voltage, while for three-phase motors, there is a problem of voltage balance. The direct influence of these three voltage deviations is current increase or current imbalance.
According to the technical conditions of the motor, the fluctuation deviation of the rated voltage of the motor cannot exceed 10%, and the torque of the motor is directly proportional to the square of the terminal voltage of the motor. When the voltage is too high, the motor core will be in a state of magnetic saturation, and the increase of the stator current will lead to serious heating of the winding, even the quality problem of winding burning. However, in the case of low voltage, there may be some problems in the starting of the motor, especially for the motor running on load. In order to meet the requirements of the motor running on load, the current must also be increased, and the consequence of the current increase will also be the heating or even burning of the winding, especially for the long-term low-voltage operation, which is even more serious.
Unbalanced voltage of three-phase motor is a typical power supply problem. When the voltage is unbalanced, it will inevitably lead to unbalanced motor current. The negative sequence component of unbalanced voltage generates a magnetic field in the air gap of the motor opposite to the rotor rotation. The small negative sequence component of the voltage may make the current flowing through the winding much larger than the current when the voltage is balanced. The frequency of the current flowing through the rotor bar is almost twice the rated frequency, so the current squeezing effect in the rotor bar makes the loss added value of the rotor winding much larger than that of the stator winding. The temperature rise of the stator winding is higher than that of the stator running under balanced voltage.
When the voltage is unbalanced, the locked-rotor torque, minimum torque and maximum torque of the motor will all decrease. If the voltage imbalance is serious, the motor will not work normally.
When the motor is running at full load under unbalanced voltage, because the slip rate increases with the increase of additional loss of the rotor, the speed will decrease slightly at this time. With the increase of voltage (current) imbalance, the noise and vibration of the motor may increase. Vibration may damage the motor or the entire drive system.
In order to effectively identify the causes of motor voltage unevenness, it may be done by means of power supply voltage detection or current change. Most devices are equipped with voltage monitoring instruments, which can be analyzed through data comparison. For those without monitoring devices, regular detection or current measurement should be adopted. For motors that can rotate forward and backward, you can arbitrarily change the two-phase power supply lines and observe the change of current, while indirectly analyzing the voltage balance. After eliminating the problem of uneven voltage, it may involve quality problems such as turn-to-turn and phase-to-phase.